FODO Cell with a PALS Lattice

This is a duplicate of the FODO cell example, except that the lattice file is specified in PALS-compliant format.

The second moments of the particle distribution after the FODO cell should coincide with the second moments of the particle distribution before the FODO cell, to within the level expected due to noise due to statistical sampling.

In this test, the initial and final values of \(\sigma_x\), \(\sigma_y\), \(\sigma_t\), \(\epsilon_x\), \(\epsilon_y\), and \(\epsilon_t\) must agree with nominal values.

Run

This example can be run as:

  • Python script: python3 run_fodo_pals.py

For MPI-parallel runs, prefix these lines with mpiexec -n 4 ... or srun -n 4 ..., depending on the system.

Listing 15 You can copy this file from examples/pals/run_fodo_pals.py.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# Copyright 2022-2025 ImpactX contributors
# Authors: Axel Huebl, Chad Mitchell, Edoardo Zoni
# License: BSD-3-Clause-LBNL
#
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-


from impactx import ImpactX, distribution, elements

sim = ImpactX()

# set numerical parameters and IO control
sim.space_charge = False
# sim.diagnostics = False  # benchmarking
sim.slice_step_diagnostics = True

# domain decomposition & space charge mesh
sim.init_grids()

# load a 2 GeV electron beam with an initial
# unnormalized rms emittance of 2 nm
kin_energy_MeV = 2.0e3  # reference energy
bunch_charge_C = 1.0e-9  # used with space charge
npart = 10000  # number of macro particles

#   reference particle
ref = sim.particle_container().ref_particle()
ref.set_charge_qe(-1.0).set_mass_MeV(0.510998950).set_kin_energy_MeV(kin_energy_MeV)

#   particle bunch
distr = distribution.Waterbag(
    lambdaX=3.9984884770e-5,
    lambdaY=3.9984884770e-5,
    lambdaT=1.0e-3,
    lambdaPx=2.6623538760e-5,
    lambdaPy=2.6623538760e-5,
    lambdaPt=2.0e-3,
    muxpx=-0.846574929020762,
    muypy=0.846574929020762,
    mutpt=0.0,
)
sim.add_particles(bunch_charge_C, distr, npart)

# add beam diagnostics
monitor = elements.BeamMonitor("monitor", backend="h5")

# design the accelerator lattice
sim.lattice.append(monitor)
sim.lattice.load_file("fodo.pals.yaml", nslice=25)
sim.lattice.append(monitor)

# run simulation
sim.track_particles()

# clean shutdown
sim.finalize()

Analyze

We run the following script to analyze correctness:

Script analysis_fodo_pals.py
Listing 16 You can copy this file from examples/pals/analysis_fodo_pals.py.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# Copyright 2022-2023 ImpactX contributors
# Authors: Axel Huebl, Chad Mitchell
# License: BSD-3-Clause-LBNL
#


import numpy as np
import openpmd_api as io
from scipy.stats import moment


def get_moments(beam):
    """Calculate standard deviations of beam position & momenta
    and emittance values

    Returns
    -------
    sigx, sigy, sigt, emittance_x, emittance_y, emittance_t
    """
    sigx = moment(beam["position_x"], moment=2) ** 0.5  # variance -> std dev.
    sigpx = moment(beam["momentum_x"], moment=2) ** 0.5
    sigy = moment(beam["position_y"], moment=2) ** 0.5
    sigpy = moment(beam["momentum_y"], moment=2) ** 0.5
    sigt = moment(beam["position_t"], moment=2) ** 0.5
    sigpt = moment(beam["momentum_t"], moment=2) ** 0.5

    epstrms = beam.cov(ddof=0)
    emittance_x = (sigx**2 * sigpx**2 - epstrms["position_x"]["momentum_x"] ** 2) ** 0.5
    emittance_y = (sigy**2 * sigpy**2 - epstrms["position_y"]["momentum_y"] ** 2) ** 0.5
    emittance_t = (sigt**2 * sigpt**2 - epstrms["position_t"]["momentum_t"] ** 2) ** 0.5

    return (sigx, sigy, sigt, emittance_x, emittance_y, emittance_t)


# initial/final beam
series = io.Series("diags/openPMD/monitor.h5", io.Access.read_only)
last_step = list(series.iterations)[-1]
initial = series.iterations[1].particles["beam"].to_df()
beam_final = series.iterations[last_step].particles["beam"]
final = beam_final.to_df()

# compare number of particles
num_particles = 10000
assert num_particles == len(initial)
assert num_particles == len(final)

print("Initial Beam:")
sigx, sigy, sigt, emittance_x, emittance_y, emittance_t = get_moments(initial)
print(f"  sigx={sigx:e} sigy={sigy:e} sigt={sigt:e}")
print(
    f"  emittance_x={emittance_x:e} emittance_y={emittance_y:e} emittance_t={emittance_t:e}"
)

atol = 0.0  # ignored
rtol = 2.2 * num_particles**-0.5  # from random sampling of a smooth distribution
print(f"  rtol={rtol} (ignored: atol~={atol})")

assert np.allclose(
    [sigx, sigy, sigt, emittance_x, emittance_y, emittance_t],
    [
        7.5451170454175073e-005,
        7.5441588239210947e-005,
        9.9775878164077539e-004,
        1.9959540393751392e-009,
        2.0175015289132990e-009,
        2.0013820193294972e-006,
    ],
    rtol=rtol,
    atol=atol,
)


print("")
print("Final Beam:")
sigx, sigy, sigt, emittance_x, emittance_y, emittance_t = get_moments(final)
s_ref = beam_final.get_attribute("s_ref")
gamma_ref = beam_final.get_attribute("gamma_ref")
print(f"  sigx={sigx:e} sigy={sigy:e} sigt={sigt:e}")
print(
    f"  emittance_x={emittance_x:e} emittance_y={emittance_y:e} emittance_t={emittance_t:e}\n"
    f"  s_ref={s_ref:e} gamma_ref={gamma_ref:e}"
)

atol = 0.0  # ignored
rtol = 2.2 * num_particles**-0.5  # from random sampling of a smooth distribution
print(f"  rtol={rtol} (ignored: atol~={atol})")

assert np.allclose(
    [sigx, sigy, sigt, emittance_x, emittance_y, emittance_t, s_ref, gamma_ref],
    [
        7.4790118496224206e-005,
        7.5357525169680140e-005,
        9.9775879288128088e-004,
        1.9959539836392703e-009,
        2.0175014668882125e-009,
        2.0013820380883801e-006,
        3.000000,
        3.914902e003,
    ],
    rtol=rtol,
    atol=atol,
)

Visualize